Management Of Information Technology Within Organizations

The business world is characterized by heavy technology. Firms are relying on technology to handle numerous processes. It is for this reason that organizations are hunting for integrated systems that can combine all subsystems into a big one capable of sharing common database. Thus, enterprise resource planning (ERP) plays a great role here. The ERP system incorporates several information structures into one system. IT firms can have three main information systems namely manufacturing, human resource and finance. This software integrates data from these subsystems into a single one as well as enhancing data sharing. Any company intending to adopt the systems should consider whether or not it is increasing efficiency (McGaughey †¦show more content†¦An example is when Pharmaco lost money and time because of having a wrong implementation team that was not familiar with Oracle (Almagren Bach, 2014). The sixth factor to consider is data accuracy because moving information from an old ERP system to a new one needs accuracy otherwise errors are transferable and this could plunge the company into more problem. Finally, extensive education will be necessary to ensure staffs understand how the system works. While it could yield efficiency it has two implementation problems both at the managerial and operational level. At the managerial level, implementation of ERP system is a costly affair especially when the system develops problems shutting down, yet it is expected to increase efficiency. The firm can use lots of money working on the system and end in financial crisis which could reduce efficiency further affecting management because they are the decision makers and the negative turn could impact there poor decision making skills. Operational impacts result from technical problems of transferring data from old systems to the new ones. Second could be problems with translation of systems into the language of the company that could impact adversely the firms report. For instance, cosmetic the biggest Chinese dealer in cosmetic bought an ERP systemShow MoreRelatedOrganization Planning, Project Management, and Information Technology1319 Words   |  6 PagesApplication: Organization Plan ning, Project Management, and Information Technology The successful implementation and subsequent meaningful use of information technology solutions within a health care organization is a challenging and iterative process. The organization must engage in careful and ongoing strategic and tactical planning to ensure that the implemented technology will ultimately be effective and beneficial for its practitioners, staff, and patients. To prepare for this ApplicationRead MoreKnowledge Management Process The Organization1561 Words   |  7 Pagestransferring, storing and making information useful is also known as knowledge management. In this, the organization is enabled to grow, adapt to changes and meet customer demands. The information age has a most certain influence on how the organization manages knowledge. This is true of whether that knowledge is unique to the organization, or shared to external organizations. Today there are various ways to collect and compile data and turn that data into useful information; however, without the useRead MoreManaging Information Overload1140 Words   |  5 PagesManaging Information Overload In my opinion, organizations are likely to find better solutions thru informational overload using technical and social systems. Information overload has an ability to cause negative effects on an organizations performance. Within, technical and social systems there are a collection of complex components that solve problems within that system. Knowledge management uses the combination and utilization of technology at every phase that is available within the organizationRead MoreEssay On Revenue Collection Information System1568 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges Facing Adoption of Revenues Collection Information System in Developing Countries’ Local Governments: A Perspective from Zanzibar Island, Tanzania Abstract This paper explores challenges facing adoption of revenues collection information system in developing countries’ local Government. From the side of Zanzibar, this paper will investigate the challenge faces the local government that hinder Zanzibar to adopt the information system as a means used to collect the revenues. The rationaleRead MoreApplying Social Technical Theory in Knowledge Management (Km)1058 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Technical Theory in Knowledge Management (KM) The theme of my paper pertains to the application of Social Technical Theory in Knowledge Management. Technology has changed the operation of business organizations around the world. Applying socio-technical theories in knowledge management advances the ability of one organization to rapidly disseminate and share information vital to the fast, sophisticated and highly demanding information technology superhighway. Timely and effectiveRead MoreStrategic Planning And It Management1424 Words   |  6 Pageswith overall organization planning by assessing organizational objectives and strategies, setting the organizational mission and mandate, assessing the external environment and setting policies, objectives and strategies (Wikipedia). A study completed in 1999 revealed that less than 40% of US businesses included IT senior management in the strategic planning process. This first part of this paper will explore the reasons why organizations would be unwilling to include IT m anagement in this processRead MoreCurrent Information Systems Within Human Resources1398 Words   |  6 Pages Current Information Systems within Human Resources The Human Resources department is currently working on bring the information systems platform into the 21st century. Excel has been a good tool to use within the HR department. However, it is critical for the management team to maintain a comprehensive and fast flexible system that aligns with the trends as it relates to a successuful business (Dusmanescu Bradic-Martinovic, 2011). A successful business reflects organizational flexibility whichRead MoreThe Key Point Of Business Management1535 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent, key point of business management is adaptation. â€Å"Being able to adapt quickly to new ideas, industries and technologies is something every business owner needs to learn to do to help their business thrive.† (Why You Must Adapt or Watch Your Business Die.) All organizations have to adapt to society, and the organizations have to have high performance on competition. However, the business world is quick changing every day. One key that help the organizati ons avoid risk successfully is the abilityRead MoreRisk Assessment : An Essential Part Of A Risk Management Process1046 Words   |  5 Pagesis an essential part of a risk management process designed to provide appropriate levels of security for information systems. The assessment approach analyzes the relationships among assets, threats, vulnerabilities and other elements. Security risk assessment should be a continuous activity. Thus, a comprehensive enterprise security risk assessment should be conducted at least once every two years to explore the risks associated with the organization’s information systems. Once the risk assessmentRead MoreImplementing Overarching Enterprise Wide Information Technology Strategies923 Words   |  4 Pagesoverarching enterprise-wide information technology strategies, including planning and governance for large and complex organizations. I successfully execute this duty for the USPTO CIO. I have demonstrated expertise in strategic p lanning and I am adept in the management of complex enterprise-wide projects through strong experience in data management, information technology, cybersecurity, C4ISR, logistics, law enforcement, intelligence, statistics, and risk management. I added and simplified the

Over Consumptions Leads to Economic Inequality and Poverty

The global society that the world has is a blend of production, exportation, and consumption. In moments of crisis people believe a solution is to go and buy things and take part in a consumer system, these beliefs are reinforced by advertisements, and as a result America and other capitalist societies have become addicted to consumption. But have these people ever wondered what over consumption is really doing to the world’s economy? Or how it affects everyone by leading to economic inequality and poverty! Over consumption in America contributes to worldwide poverty. â€Å"Each person in the industrialized world uses as much commercial energy as ten people in a developing country.† Western cultures, specifically America have large consumer societies and although it has raised the standard of living for several people, it has also caused economic challenges for many others. Globalization has been a great way of connecting our world together, but with the export of jobs overseas to countries with high poverty rates such as China, Mexico, and India etc. it has caused these countries to become regressive. Jobs are exported to other countries because of the cheap labor that is provided there. For instance, if a company moves their location overseas to China they can pay the Chinese workers for their services significantly less than they would need to pay their previous employees in America. This system is damaging to Americans and the citizens in other countries. Americans loseShow MoreRelatedEconomic and Social Costs of Inequality in Australia785 Words   |  4 Pagesthe economic and social costs and benefits of inequality in distribution of income in Australia. Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among residents of an area. High levels of inequality indicate that a small number of people receive most of the total income, and that most people receive only a small share of the total. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with the inequitable distribution of income. Income inequality can lead to anRead MoreEconomic Inequality And Its Effects On Economic Growth1709 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of economic inequality. Over the past decades, economic inequality has been rising and at an increasing rate, expanding the gap between the rich and the poor. The direct relationship between inequality and poverty has shown that while inequality increases, so too does poverty. Increased inequality is harmful for economic growth and its effects also bear social implications. Although there are arguments on the consequences of wealth redistribution and its unintended impact on economic growthRead MoreInequality Of Economic Growth And Inequality1699 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic growth and inequality has been a long debated topic but is more important in the recent decades as income inequality has dramatically grown within many countries; the implications on these can hinder social and political development. Economic growth and its link to Equality can help create stability for an economy and improve living standards in the long run. More directly it allows people to be able to contribute and engage in the economy as it provides the opportunity for employment, investmentRead MorePoverty in the United States893 Words   |  4 Pagesso much disparity exists among the haves and have-nots in the country that leads the free world. The high level of poverty in the United States coupled with the disparaging rates of income are at times hard to comprehend. How can a country of such great wealth and power also be a country of vast poverty? Poverty will always be evident in the United States to some extent. However, minimizing poverty and income inequality will be conducive to the well being of the United States. Numerous organizationsRead MorePoverty And Poverty1487 Words   |  6 PagesGlobally, poverty is a prevailing social and economic concern. In pure economic terms, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, 2017) defines income poverty as a failure of a family’s income to meet a federally established threshold. The World Bank’s definition of extreme poverty is living on less than US$1.90 per day (World Bank, 2017), which was decided on using the purchasing power parity exchange rates to convert the line into the US dollar, and into the currenciesRead MoreOrlando Padilla. Mrs. Miller. English 1A . Flawed Economic1562 Words   |  7 PagesOrlando Padilla Mrs. Miller English 1A Flawed Economic System How is it possible for people to be able to hit the lotto for millions and yet there is people starving in their homes ? How can there be so much misery in midst of such abundance ? Inequality is the source of enormous frustration among groups who no longer believe that they can achieve a reasonable facsmile of consumption as those of the upper classes. The social problems that result from such feelings represent some of the most fundamentalRead MoreSustainable consumption is primarily concerned with the quality of growth, rather than the quantity900 Words   |  4 PagesSustainable consumption is primarily concerned with the quality of growth, rather than the quantity of growth. Analysts have made two important observations regarding the current growth models. The first is that as emerging economies continue to grow, most of the wealth is accumulated in the hands of a few wealthy individuals, leading to large inequality in society. The second is that economic growth increases well- being in society, but only to the extent to which it provides for the basic needsRead MoreThe Case For A Higher Minimum Wage1659 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Dorf The Case for a Higher Minimum Wage In 1938, the Federal Government established a minimum wage through the Fair Labor Standards Act, during the Great Depression. Its stated purpose was to keep American workers out of poverty and increase consumer purchasing power to help stimulate the economy. President Franklin Roosevelt, understood that the minimum wage should be a living wage, he stated â€Å"by living wages, I mean more than a bare subsistence level — I mean the wages of a decent livingRead MoreTrying to Erradicate Poverty and Extreme Poverty1351 Words   |  5 Pagesmany of the world’s countries, poverty is prevalent. While almost half of the world lives in poverty, the rich continue to get richer. In 2005, the poorer 10% only accounted for 0.5% of the world’s share of private consumption, while the richest 10% accounted for 59% of consumption (Shah 1-4). There is an increasing inequality gap. The world has enough resources to feed and shelter the poor but people in the North consume so much . The rich benefit from this inequality while the poor suffer. OneRead MoreUnequal Distribution of Wealth Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesunequal distribution has caused numerous economic and geographical problems, such as how resources are divided among countries, how developed or industrialized a country is in relation to wealth distribution and the wide spread of disease and lack of medical attention due to an absence of money. In this paper I will address the negative and positive aspects associated with wealth distribution. I will explain how resource distribution contributes to an area’s economic growth. I will also discuss varying

Biology free essay sample

The flow of genetic information from DNA to protein in eukaryotic cells is called the central dogma of biology. The role of RNA in protein synthesis is extremely important as protein synthesis could not occur without RNA. Three forms of RNA exist solely to create proteins. Through a process known as translation, RNA constructs the proteins necessary to sustain life. Spliceosomes Process pre-mRNA by splicing out intronic nucleic acids producing mRNA which is then translated to protein in ribosomes. Codons are three letter codes eg: AUG which codes for metheonine. Likewise there are many codons which code for different amino acids. Ribosomes bind to the mature mRNA at an AUG site and, for each codon (3 mRNA nucleic acids), a tRNA brings an amino acid for the translation, until the stop codon where the newly synthesized polypeptide is released in its primary structure. b) A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. This process is the closing f blood vessels to the skin surface and becoming more dilated. This allows the surface area to increase. By increasing the surface area, heat is lost to the external environment, cooling the body down back to normal temperature. However, shivering is the exact opposite of this response. When the body becomes too cold, the internal system works to bring it back up. This is also called Vasoconstriction. If the opposite occurs and body temperature drops, signals from the hypothalamus are sent to the cutaneous arteries (arteries supplying the skin) (2). When the body temperature of an rganism drops the blood vessels become constricted in order to decrease surface area. This allows for minimal heat loss. Warmer blood is seen to be immersed in the body so to keep heat from escaping at the surface (2). In human thermal regulation, the hairs on the body aid in insulation. The hairs stand on end and capture a layer of air between the skin and hair, serving as insulation. If the air held is warmer-with longer hairs- than the hairs will reduce heat loss and a thinner hair layer will allow for more heat to be loss, decreasing temperature. Due to these mechanisms, emperatures in the body rarely exceed . 5 degrees Celsius below or above its normal point. This negative feedback loop maintains body temperature and can also help regulate other process in the body. Plants are often subjected to periods of extreme water loss or gain. These fluctuations of water availability force vegetation to have responses in order to maintain homeostasis. These responses are complex and involve deleterious adjustments. This may be modified by the superimposition of other stresses, such as diseases or environmental disorders. All of these processes and practically all other he cellular level, water management coincides with cell damage or even adaptive processes. The molecular basis for responding to water deficits is not completely understood, however, it is known that it has much to do with a particular chemical called abscisic acid ABA (3). An increase of ABA in plant organs correlate with those plants living in areas undergoing a period of drought (3). Therefore, it is widely understood that ABA is involved in the adaptive mechanism in response to drought (3). There is also evidence that other signals may be involved in the process as well. Plants also exhibit secondary and tertiary controls when placed under water stress. In addition, they will also undergo primary effects if placed under longer periods of time. During water stress, like nutrient deficiencies, free amino acids and sugars accumulate. Though nutrient deficiencies may result in different metabolic functions, plants under water stress have been seen to go through similar changes in dealing with these environments(4). Because of this, it is hard to examine the mechanisms for dealing with water stress when observing such general patterns. Early responses sually are dependent on new metabolic abilities, while there is an alteration of gene expression.

Your Planet by Young Ejecta free essay sample

This month, Young Ejecta, a synthpop duo of Leanne Macomber and Joel Ford, have just ejected out another great single from their upcoming release The Planet, the follow-up to their 2013 full-length ten-song debut Dominae. The title track, called Your Planet, is the second single issued from the mini-record/EP, with Welcome To Love as the lead single of the album. Like Welcome To Love, Your Planet is a song from these two people well-worth listening to. Macombers songwriting and breathy voice is beautiful as ever here, though she doesnt sing for the majority of the song. What we mostly get is a catchy-as-heck dream-pop disco jam with 1970s-influenced four-on-the-floor percussion, second-half-duple video game blips, a sick bubbly bass line and dreamy synth pads, synth, or sampled, choirs and euro-synth leads. Even though it seems to drag a little bit, its that kind of drag that no one would ever want to stop dancing to. We will write a custom essay sample on Your Planet by Young Ejecta or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Check it out, and be sure to get The Planet on January 27, 2015.

MORRIS Surname Meaning and Family History

MORRIS Surname Meaning and Family History The Morris surname has several possible origins: As an English or Scottish surname, Morris may have originated as Maurice, an Old French personal name derived from the Latin Mauritius, a given name itself  derived from the Old French more (Latin maurus), meaning moorish or dark, swarthy. In this respect it was often a nickname given to someone with dark skin. Morris may also have derived as an Anglicized form of the Welsh personal name Meurig, also from the Latin Mauritius.Possibly an Anglicized form of the ancient Irish name Ó  Muirgheasa (variant  Ãƒâ€œ Muirghis), a personal name thought to derive from muir, meaning sea and geas, meaning taboo or prohibition.Morris may also have originated as a  variant of the German Moritz, or as an Americanized form of other like-sounding Jewish surnames. Morris is the 56th most popular surname in the United States. Morris is also popular in England, coming in as the 32nd most common surname. Surname Origin:  English, Irish, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  MORRISS, MORISH, MORISSH, MORCE, MORSE, MORRISEY, MORICE, MORRICE   Famous People with the MORRISSurname Robert Morris Jr.  - American merchant and banker known as the financier of the American RevolutionWilliam Morris  -  American theatrical agent who founded the  William Morris Agency, one of the foremost theatrical agencies in the U.S.Lewis Morris  -  American land owner and developer, and signatory of the Declaration of IndependenceMargaretta Morris  -  American entomologistWilliam Morris  - British writer and artist; one of the principal founders of the  British Arts and Crafts Movement Where is the MORRIS Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, Morris is the 805th most common surname in the world- found most prevalently in the United States, where it ranks 54th, but also very common in Liberia (17th), Wales (18th), England (39th), Jamaica (46th) and Australia (55th). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also show the Price surname as especially common in Wales, as well as in the West Midlands region of England. Within the United States, Price is most common in the state of North Carolina, followed by South Carolina and West Virginia.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname MORRIS 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Morris DNA ProjectThis DNA project connects individuals with the Morris surname, or variants such as Maurice, Moris, Morres, Morress, Morrice, or Morriss,  who are interested in using DNA testing to help discover common Morris ancestors. Morris Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Morris family crest or coat of arms for the Morris surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. MORRIS Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Morris surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Morris query. FamilySearch - MORRIS GenealogyExplore over 11  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Morris  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - MORRIS  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Morris. GeneaNet - Morris  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Morris  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Morris  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Morris  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Writing Causal Argument Essay on Introduction to Gender Studies

Writing Causal Argument Essay on Introduction to Gender Studies There are many ways for a student to get his or her point across and through writing. One of the best methods happens to be through the use of a causal argumentative essay. While we believe most students know the basics for creation of an argumentative essay, some of you may just be hearing about it for the first time. A causal argumentative essay is simply an essay where the use of compelling arguments to pass your opinions across is allowed. But unlike the argumentative essay, here you are also allowed to write informally to your audience. So here are some tips on writing a compelling causal argumentative essay. Pick a position. When discussing your views on a subject matter through an essay, the first step to take is picking the side of the fence you intend to seat. Once this is done, you can easily start conducting your essay work by choosing a topic. If writing on gender studies, and you believe women studies should take on greater importance than men studies, then choose a topic that clearly states this. A great example is ‘Discussing the Role of Women’s Studies in Driving the Creation of Man Studies as an Academic Discipline.’ Here you are irrevocably stating that advances in women’s studies led to the clamor for a similar course for men. You can find similar examples in our list of 20 introduction to gender studies causal argument essay topics. Plan a winning argument. Note that a causal argument essay has given you the right to argue how you choose. Therefore, making use of salient points and relatable case studies is the best way to drive your point home. To start, you still need to structure the entire paper. Therefore using an introduction that summarises what you intend to accomplish, the essay body has to drive prove your argument and a great conclusion should round it all up. Introduce your argument in style. It is a causal argumentative essay, so take some liberties, surprise your audience and state your beliefs forcefully. An excellent introduction allows you to do all this and more. It also serves as an intro into what you intend to discuss in the preceding paragraphs of your essay. Make a case and state your case. Now you are at the point of writing the body of your essay which forms the most integral part of all your works. Here, you are charged with stating your grievances and challenging the cause of these grievances. In gender studies, coming against patriarchy using the suffrage movement is the way to go. A good conclusion can be a winning argument on its own. So why not attempt to round up your essay with hard-biting truths on what society will become if women are not equally a part of it. This leaves your reader in no position to question where your allegations lie. We have provided even more ammunition for anyone interested in writing a causal argument essay on gender studies in the article 10 facts for causal argument essay on introduction to gender studies.

George Simmel and Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

George Simmel and Fashion - Essay Example The paper "Georg Simmel and Fashion" concerns the Georg Simmel and Fashion. While there are many writings on fashion, hel was the first one to make an in-depth analytical study on the subject. While his contemporaries viewed fashion as highly irrational in nature, Simmel suggested that the upper classes used fashion to set themselves apart from rest of the society. His theory revolved round concepts of individualism and collectivism, where it was conceptualised that fashion spreads from upper classes to the masses through remodelling. When a certain object or activity reaches the middle classes, the upper class must invent a new fashion to maintain distinction, which according to Simmel, illustrates the notion of recurring changes within fashion. 1904 essay â€Å"Fashion† examines sociological aspects of fashion and its role in conciliating the tension/conflict evident within modern social dynamics, related to gender and class. According to Simmel, fashion, which is a non-summ ative transformation in cultural attributes, evolves from a tension that is distinctive to an individual’s social conditions. While each individual tends to imitate or emulate others, at the same time there is also a tendency to remain separate from others. Undoubtedly, while some adopt imitation (conformism), others prefer to remain distinct (dissidence), and for fashion to be effective, it is necessary to allow functioning of both the opposing tendencies. Reviewing Simmel’s article is significant from current sociological perspectives., as it stands out as the only real attempt towards deriving basic theories on fashion. This essay reviews theories suggested by Simmel, and examines how the underlying tension (desire for conformation and distinction, at the same time) operates at group and individual levels, and how it reflects and influences wider social conditions. This essay also derives from Simmel’s writing that fashion is a kind of social relationship, wh ich makes it an important tool in understanding modern urban society. Introduction Since the beginning of 20th century, there has been a great deal of discussion on fashion. However, a closer look reveals that is a dearth of analytical and generic theories on this topic. Amongst the various available literatures, the best analysis on fashion is the essay written  by Georg Simmel in 1904.  This remains to this day, probably the only real attempt towards framing a basic theory on fashion; consequently, while the paper is now more than a hundred years old, theories and concepts suggested in it remain relevant, even in post-modern twenty-first century social structure (Coser,

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 376

Assignment Example I entered a competition following my class teacher’s encouragement and true to his belief, my essay was judged the best. This has been a defining moment in my writing life and as such has made me have the impetus to write and write even more. Writing plays various roles in my day to day life. Writing has impacted in my life in the sense that it has improved my communication skills; my creativity has been enhanced and my overall understanding of people based on their behavior which I tend to write on has increased (Richardson, 13). Further writing has enhanced my understanding of the world and how I can tell other peoples story. The most successful thing I have ever written on is the Korean wave. This is a story about how the Korean culture has grown international gaining audiences beyond south East Asia to reach the entire world. The story gives the success of Korean audiovisual products and how their originality has contributed to its growth

Aircraft Icing Essay Example for Free

Aircraft Icing Essay Ice and aircrafts are never a good combination. Ice, which can accumulate on any part of the aircraft, is most dangerous when it accumulates on the wings or similar airfoils. These icing encounters cause many fatalities a year, fatalities that could be prevented if pilots use the strategies and tactics that are at their disposal to avoid icing dangers. In flight icing is always a concern and should be treated with an expedited response, however, proper avoidance of icing conditions begins on the ground during preflight. This safety report will discuss the many types of icing and their effects on flight. Along with the effects of icing on an aircraft, this report will examine the procedures to follow when reacting to these icing conditions. This report will include accident data as reported by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and more importantly the research and technologies developed to help reduce icing-related aviation accidents. Aircraft Icing Aircraft Icing What are the Causes and Possible Solutions? Icing is a definite weather hazard to aircraft. Icing refers to any deposit or coating of ice on an aircraft. Two types of icing are critical in the operation of aircraft: induction icing and structural icing. Another important form of structural icing may affect the runway or other resources used by aircraft. A runway covered with even a thin film of ice can cause loss of directional control and make braking efforts completely ineffective while the craft is on the ground (Roy, Steuernagle, Wright, 2008). In flight, including the takeoff, the threat of ice hazard is increased. Icing Causes:  Common sense tells us that winter time brings on icing conditions, however, ice is present, or potentially present, somewhere in the atmosphere at all times, no matter what the season. The secret is the freezing level of altitude, which may be around 15,000 feet during the summer and perhaps as low as 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) on those â€Å"warm† winter days (Lester, 2004). Carburetor icing: When the temperature and dew point are close, you can be certain that water vapor is condensing within the carburetor of an aircraft reciprocating engine, and, if the engine is run at low speed, the condensation is turning into ice. This is why some engine manufacturers recommend that carburetor heat be applied when the throttle is retarded for prolonged descent and prior to landing (Gleim, 2003). Accident summaries contain many cases of unexplained power loss. Many of these aircraft accidents can be attributed to carburetor ice. Once carburetor ice is suspected –at the first sign of engine roughness Aircraft Icing or power loss- apply full carburetor heat (Gleim, 2003). After carburetor heat is applied the engine may run rougher as the ice melts away but the rpm will return to their normal setting. There are many cases of loss of engine power as a result of carburetor icing which forces a landing. The following accident report summary describes a similar carburetor icing situation: A 106-hour Skyhawk pilot reported that the engine began to run rough and lost power as the airplane climbed through 9,000 feet means sea level (MSL). She then switched fuel tanks and moved the mixture to full rich, but the engine continued to lose power. Carburetor heat was not used at any time. A forced landing was subsequently made in a field, where the airplane collided with a utility pole and landed in a ditch. An examination of the engine revealed no evidence of mechanical failure or malfunction. An icing probability chart revealed that the reported weather conditions in the area were favorable for the formation of moderate carburetor icing at cruise power. The Cessna 172M owner’s manual notes that a gradual loss in rpm and eventual engine roughness may result from the formation of carburetor ice and prescribes the use of carburetor heat to clear the ice. (Civil Aviation Authority, 2006). Structural Icing: The previous report refers to induction icing within the engine, but other forms of icing attach to the exterior of the aircraft called â€Å"structural icing†. Airframe or structural icing refers to the accumulation of ice on the exterior of the aircraft during flight through Aircraft Icing clouds or liquid precipitation when the skin temperature of the aircraft is equal to, or less than 0 deg C (Lester, 2004). Types of Structural Icing: Structural icing takes on many forms depending on the size of the moisture that comes in contact with the aircraft. The types of structural ice are clear, rime and a combination of the two. The primary concern over even the slightest amount of structural ice is the loss of aerodynamic efficiency. The increase in drag caused by the additional ice also causes an increase in stall speed, instability and a decrease in lift (Roy, K. S, 2008). The type of ice that forms on the aircraft primarily depends on the size of the water droplets. Clear ice forms when the drops are large and the droplets impacting an airplane freeze slowly, spreading over the aircraft components gradually forming a smooth sheet of solid ice (Lester, 2004). Clear ice is the most dangerous form of structural icing because it is heavy and hard; it adheres strongly to the aircraft surface greatly disrupting airflow. Clear ice will normally form while flying through cumuliform clouds and through freezing rain (Lester, 2004). Rime ice is the most common icing type and forms while flying through stratified clouds and freezing drizzle (Lester, 2004). It forms when water droplets freeze on impact, trapping air between the small frozen drops, giving the ice a milky white appearance. Mixed ice has characteristics of both types making it a combination of rime and clear ice. Aircraft Icing The following NTSB summary describes the dangers of inadvertently encountering ice and the effect it will have on the ability of the aircraft to maintain lift and stability: CE 182. One serious and one minor injury. Pilot received a weather briefing approximately one hour prior to flight during which â€Å"A chance of light icing† was forecast. Approximately 30 minutes after takeoff, while at 6,000 feet, a small amount of ice began to form on the strut in the light rain. Although the aircraft was then cleared to climb above the cloud layer, heavy icing began to accumulate. The aircraft could not climb above 7,300 MSL and a 300 – 400 feet per minutes (f. p. m). descent developed. The aircraft was cleared to an alternate airport via radar vectors. Over the runway at about 50 feet above ground level (AGL), the aircraft uncontrollably veered to the left and struck the ground hard, collapsing the nose gear. A witness stated that there was ? inch of ice on the fuselage and an inch on the belly. The aircraft was also loaded approximately 200 pounds over gross weight. NTSB cited the probable causes as icing, improper weather evaluation, and deteriorated aircraft performance. (Watson, 2007) Pilots need to avoid ice especially if their aircraft are not approved for flight into icing. The aircraft in the NTSB report summary above was not approved for flight into icing conditions. Although ice forecast retrieved via weather briefings are in some cases inaccurate the pilot needs to have an escape route should icing be encountered. Accident data as reported by the NTSB is most useful when it brings about the development of technologies that help reduce icing-related aviation accidents. Aircraft fall into two categories, those approved for flight into icing and those that are not. Aircraft equipped with ice protection system allow them to keep ice from accumulating Aircraft Icing on the wing structures while in flight. The evolution of aircraft has provided advanced and useful technologies that have made our aircraft safer in less favorable atmospheric conditions. Icing protection systems: The types of icing protection systems are pneumatic deicing boots, thermal devices, and electro-mechanical systems (Burrows, 2002). The pneumatic deicing boot is a rubber tube attached to the leading edge of an aircraft wing. When ice is encountered during flight, portions of the rubber device inflate breaking off the ice (Burrows, 2002). Pneumatic deicing boots are used on propeller driven aircraft and jets. Thermal systems use electricity to heat protected surfaces of equipped aircraft. Thermal deicing systems have a more advanced function than deicing boots in that it prevents ice from forming on the heated protected surfaces. The electric heaters can be used as de-icers or anti-icers (Burrows, 2002). The newest technological advance in de-icing is called electromechanical de-icing, the system use a type of mechanical actuator that physically knocks the accumulated ice off the flight surfaces. The technology works in conjunction with previously developed ice detection systems and is triggered automatically once sensors detect ice. First, an electro-thermal strip heats the wing’s leading edge to just above freezing, melting the ice. Then other electro-thermal systems heat the leading edge enough to evaporate moisture on contact, preventing it from escaping and refreezing elsewhere as â€Å"runback† ice. The water flows downstream and eventually freezes where Aircraft Icing the aircraft is less sensitive to airflow disruptions. That’s where [the deicers] hit it. † An electrical current is sent through one set of coils at a time, and as the current loops through the coil, it flows in one direction and then the opposite, inducing a magnetic field. Jolted with electrical energy pulses that last . 0005 second, the coils deliver impact accelerations of over 10,000 Gs to the airfoil skin once a minute, shedding ice as thin as . 06 inch.  Despite the high G-load, the impact amplitude—the amount of movement of the aircraft skin—is only about . 025 inch. The skin accelerates so rapidly, though, that ice de-bonds as if hit with a hammer (Smithsonian Air and Space). Conclusion Ice and aircrafts are a dangerous combination when pilots don’t utilize weather services to determine freezing levels. When a pilot doesn’t understand when to deploy his ice protection system or doesn’t do a proper preflight including weather briefings, icing encounters become a reality. Many fatalities a year could be prevented if pilots use available resources to avoid icing dangers.

Comparing Television and Internet Sports News Essay -- Comparison Comp

Comparing Television and Website News Television news is one of the best ways for people to know what is going on in the world today. With the momentum the World Wide Web has gained with in the last 6 years many television news station have also add a website to their media coverage. ESPN is no different; the station still has Sports Center where all the viewers can keep up with their favorite sport, but ESPN also has the website www.msn.espn.go.com where the viewer can get the same or even more information than in the television broadcast. Which is better? Why would a person choose one form of media over the other? It is not that one form is better than the other, it depends what the person wants to get out of that medium. The channel ESPN gives the viewer exactly what they expect, a quick overview of what happened in the sports world today. The announcers joke around to make the viewer feel like there is a human interaction that is taking place, the announcers also makes it feel like more of an entertainment program then a news program. The highlights that are shown are about the big events in sports like the Angels winning their first World Series. Other smaller sports almost go unnoticed. ESPN also likes to give the viewer a little bit of knowledge about the players of a particular game. Most of these interviews or stories are extremely short and really a viewer gains no real amount of knowledge. The viewer must sit back and hear what the producers of the show want them to hear. There is not a choice of whether the viewer watches highlights of baseball or gets the story about Sarah Hughes and how she injured her leg muscle. The website www.msn.espn.go.com gives viewers another look at a lot of the s ame stories as the ... ...rial in the way that they do. There are many reasons why people use the media or different medium to view the same media. Those reasons are the uses and gratification model provided by McQuail, Blumler, and Brown. People want to get a fulfillment after watching a show or in this case a sports broadcast. They wanted to achieve something like making sure there team is doing well or all the players are healthy. In case of ESPN there are two ways to view this information. The viewer can either watch the broadcast and be entertained by the broadcasters and see the plays. Or the viewer can take the more direct route by going to www.msn.espn.go.com and getting the exact same information only with more detailed. Either way the viewer is accomplishing something it could be bonding with a child, conversing with co-workers, or just being aware of the sports world around them.

Symbols and Abstractions in Kafka’s “the Metamorphosis”

Symbols and Abstractions in Kafka's â€Å"The Metamorphosis† â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is a unique and intricate novella by Franz Kafka. It is peculiar in any work for the main character to wake up as an insect in the first line of the story. Kafka's symbolism is unlike most authors who use symbolism to relate to the theme of the story; Kafka tends to focus the reader's attention on a single character which symbolizes his life. His uses of bizarre symbols make the reader question, â€Å"What does Kafka mean through this symbol? The interpretations of these symbols differ between readers yet all seem to represent how life is destroyed when people focus is on existence alone. To fully appreciate the symbols and abstractions in his works, it is important for the reader to have knowledge of the author's history to understand the reasoning behind the story. As observed in â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† there are many similarities between Frank Kafka and his protagonist, Gr egor Samsa. Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague, the capital of Bohemia. His father, Hermann Kafka, was described by Kafka himself as â€Å"a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature †¦ â€Å". (Nervi) Admitted to the Charles University of Prague, Kafka first studied chemistry, but switched after two weeks to law. This offered a range of career possibilities, which pleased his father, and required a longer course of study that gave Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history. He later was hired at an Italian insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. His correspondence, during that period, witnesses that he was unhappy with his late shift working schedule as it made it extremely difficult for him to concentrate on his writing. Later, he resigned, and two weeks later found more congenial employment with the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. However, he did not show any signs of indifference towards his job, as the several promotions that he received during his career prove that he was a hard working employee. In parallel, Kafka was also committed to his literary work. (Nervi) Gregor Samsa, the insect, and Kafka share many similarities. It is known that Kafka and the insect share professions as a traveling salesman, with Gregor working to pay off his father's debt to the company. Gregor is impeded by his physical attributes, while Kafka is likewise impeded by his career, unable to pursue his will to be a fulltime writer. Kafka took his profession to the satisfaction of his father, and he remained employed there for several years against his will. Likewise, Gregor hates his work as a salesman; however his motivation to return following his transformation can be attributed to the fact that he is his family's only source of income, and he is proud to be able to provide for his mother, father, and sister, Grete. He aspires to one day send his sister to the conservatory to study violin. Gregor is put under heavy weight by his family, especially by his father. He feels the burden he places on the family and tries to disappear by hiding under the sofa. As the story continues, Gregor is confined to his room under his family command to prevent the family from embarrassment. He is hidden and devoid of human contact. The relation between Kafka's isolation from his family can be related to Gregor, who leads his life under his father's will, leading to the emotional rift between Kafka and his father. This becomes obvious during a passage in the story where Gregor emerges from the confinement of his room, only to be chased around the kitchen and pelted with apples by his father, leaving Gregor wounded and eventually infected. This pain and anguish experienced by Gregor can be abstracted as the grief Kafka underwent in dealing with his father and his father cannot recognize or understand Gregor his son in this state. Though remorse follows the incident, the damage has been done and it will only be a matter of time until his death. For the remainder of his life, Gregor realizes he no longer has worth or serves purpose. In death, the burden of Gregor on the family has been lifted, and in a strange, twisted way, his family is relieved and moves forward happily and comfortably. Like his character, Kafka dies at a young age, alone. Even the title, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† can be abstracted metaphorically, not only through the main character's physical changes, but between different characters. For Gregor, it is conveyed in the first sentence that Gregor has been transformed from a human to a roach-like insect, yet the internal metamorphosis Gregor experiences is a progression from the beginning to the end of the story. The metamorphosis is gradual. As Gregor's condition worsens, he is unable to support his family, is unable to communicate with them, and his speech becomes completely unintelligible. The theme, similar to Kafka's life, is of the suffering protagonist. Grete, too, changes. Early in the novella she seeks guidance and support from Gregor. However, by the conclusion of the story she has â€Å"blossomed† into â€Å"a beautiful and voluptuous young woman,† completing her metamorphosis. Throughout this writing, the theme of oneness between the main character and Kafka is obvious. Kafka uses symbolic metaphors and abstractions in â€Å"The Metamorphosis† to represent himself and his life. Similarities between the family, occupation, alienation, and death are shared nearly identically between Kafka and Gregor. In conclusion, there are too many parallelisms in Kafka's â€Å"The Metamorphosis† to dismiss as coincidence, and the character and life of Gregor Samsa are surely a representation of the author, Kafka, and his life. Works Cited Nervi, Mauro; Kafka's Life (1883-1921). 12 March 2006. The Kafka Project. 18 May 2009. .

How does Moliere use irony as a tool of satire in Tartuffe? Essay

Satire is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as a â€Å"literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn. † Aside from this definition, satire can also be described as a particular literary way to possibly improve humanity and the society. In Tartuffe, Moliere censures and ridicules the human behavior and features, though Moliere did these to develop his characters’ faults rather than destroying them. In a particular scene on the play, Moliere uses irony to satirize the character of Tartuffe. The play utilizes dramatic irony through Damis or Orgon concealing inside a closet or under the table while Elmire is having a conversation with Tartuffe. There are two instances of this irony. The first one was when Damis was hiding in a closet. Through this, Moliere gives the audience a glimpse of the true character of Tartuffe. Look more:  incongruity satire essay In Act II: Scene 3 of the play, while Damis was hiding, Tartuffe said â€Å"Though pious, I am none the less a man†. Also in this scene, the audience can clearly see that Tartuffe is harassing Elmire. The second instance of dramatic irony that fully exposed Tartuffe’s mask and unveiled his true character was during the fourth act when Orgon was hiding under the table while Tartuffe and Elmire were having a conversation. Believing that only the two of them was in the house, Tartuffe asked Elmire to be his â€Å"pupil† and he will teach him on how to conquer hesitation. Through this scene, the audience yet again witnesses the hypocrisy of Tartuffe. Through the use of dramatic irony, Moliere shows the audience that we can not always rely our decisions on everything based on what we only see. Moliere also depicts in his work Tartuffe that it is possible that someone we know is a complete different person than what he appears to be.

Februarius

Februarius When Romes founder established the calendarHe determined thered be ten months in every year.You knew more about swords than stars, Romulus, surely,Since conquering neighbours was your chief concern.Yet theres a logic that might have possessed him,Caesar, and that might well justify his error.He held that the time it takes for a mothers wombTo produce a child, was sufficient for his year.Ovid Fasti Book 1, A. S. Kline translation The early Roman calendar had only 10 months, with December (Latin decem10) the last month of the year and March the first. The month we call July, the fifth month, was number-named Quintilis (Latin quin-5) until it was renamed Julius or Iulius for Julius Caesar. In The Pre-Caesarian Calendar: Facts and Reasonable Guesses, The Classical Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Nov. 1944), pp. 65-76, 20th-century Classical scholar H.J. Rose explains the 10-month calendar: The earliest Romans of whom we have any knowledge did as many other peoples have done. They counted the moons during the interesting part of the year, when farmwork and fighting were going on, and then waited till the dull times of winter were over and the spring was fairly set in (as it is by March in those latitudes of Europe) to begin counting again. Februarius (February) was not part of the original (pre-Julian, Romulean) calendar, but was added (with a variable number of days), as the month preceding the beginning of the year. Sometimes there was an additional intercalary month. [See Intercalation. Also see: The Origin of the Pre-Julian Calendar, by Joseph Dwight; The Classical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6 (Mar. 1946), pp. 273-275.] Februarius was a month for purification, as the Lupercalia festival suggests. Originally, Februarius may have had 23 days. In time, the calendar was standardized so that all 12 months had 29 or 31 days, except for Februarius which had 28. Later, Julius Caesar re-standardized the calendar to line up with the seasons. See Julian Calendar Reform. Source [URL web.archive.org/web/20071011150909/12x30.net/earlyrom.html] Bill Hollons Roman Calendar Page. Plutarch on the Calendar Here is a passage Plutarchs life of Numa Pompilius on the Roman calendar. Sections about the Roman month Februarius (February) are highlighted. He attempted, also, the formation of a calendar, not with absolute exactness, yet not without some scientific knowledge. During the reign of Romulus, they had let their months run on without any certain or equal term; some of them contained twenty days, others thirty-five, others more; they had no sort of knowledge of the inequality in the motions of the sun and moon; they only kept to the one rule that the whole course of the year contained three hundred and sixty days. Numa, calculating the difference between the lunar and the solar year at eleven days, for that the moon completed her anniversary course in three hundred and fifty-four days, and the sun in three hundred and sixty- five, to remedy this incongruity doubled the eleven days, and every other year added an intercalary month, to follow February, consisting of twenty-two days, and called by the Romans the month Mercedinus. This amendment, however, itself, in course of time, came to need other amendments. He also altered the order of the months; for March, which was reckoned the first, he put into the third place; and January, which was the eleventh, he made the first; and February, which was the twelfth and last, the second. Many will have it, that it was Numa, also, who added the two months of January and February; for in the beginning they had had a year of ten months; as there are barbarians who count only three; the Arcadians, in Greece, had but four; the Acarnanians, six. The Egyptian year at first, they say, was of one month; afterwards, of four; and so, though they live in the newest of all countries, they have the credit of being a more ancient nation than any; and reckon, in their genealogies, a prodigious number of years, counting months, that is, as years. That the Romans, at first, comprehended the whole year within ten, and not twelve months, plainly appears by the name of the last, December, meaning the tenth month; and that March was the first is likewise evident, for the fifth month af ter it was called Quintilis, and the sixth Sextilis, and so the rest; whereas, if January and February had, in this account, preceded March, Quintilis would have been fifth in name and seventh in reckoning. It was also natural, that March, dedicated to Mars, should be Romuluss first, and April, named from Venus, or Aphrodite, his second month; in it they sacrifice to Venus, and the women bathe on the calends, or first day of it, with myrtle garlands on their heads. But others, because of its being p and not ph, will not allow of the derivation of this word from Aphrodite, but say it is called April from aperio, Latin for to open, because that this month is high spring, and opens and discloses the buds and flowers. The next is called May, from Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom it is sacred; then June follows, so called from Juno; some, however, derive them from the two ages, old and young, majores being their name for older, and juniores for younger men. To the other months they g ave denominations according to their order; so the fifth was called Quintilis, Sextilis the sixth, and the rest, September, October, November, and December. Afterwards Quintilis received the name of Julius, from Caesar who defeated Pompey; as also Sextilis that of Augustus, from the second Caesar, who had that title. Domitian, also, in imitation, gave the two other following months his own names, of Germanicus and Domitianus; but, on his being slain, they recovered their ancient denominations of September and October. The two last are the only ones that have kept their names throughout without any alteration. Of the months which were added or transposed in their order by Numa, February comes from februa; and is as much as Purification month; in it they make offerings to the dead, and celebrate the Lupercalia, which, in most points, resembles a purification. January was so called from Janus, and precedence given to it by Numa before March, which was dedicated to the god Mars; because , as I conceive, he wished to take every opportunity of intimating that the arts and studies of peace are to be preferred before those of war. Suggested Reading Why Rome FellNorse Story of CreationNaqsh-i-Rustam: The Tomb of Darius the Great

Violent Video Games and School Violence

Violent Video Games and School Violence Violent Video Games and School Violence. Is There a Correlation? A large amount of research has been done to create or understand a potential correlation between the playing of violent video games and the action of violence perpetrated by youth, especially within the school environment. Through psychological and scientific studies, different aspects have been considered and there have been decisions to substantiate both sides of the issues, however, the majority of evidence that has been returned shows overwhelmingly that youth who participate in violent video games are no more or less likely to perpetrate violence within their school than youth who do not. Violent Video Games Cause Youth to Feel Less Compassion for Victims The idea of a correlation between violence and video games comes from the idea that violent video games cause youth to feel less compassion for victims of violence. Parents and other concerned adults have long stated that youth who participate in violent video games are more likely to act out the violence that they see and participate in during real life situations because they have been desensitized, however, research has shown this is not the case. According to psychological studies, simply playing a violent video game does not have any long-term impact on the capacity for violence in the youth or on their ability to feel compassion for others. Video games are a method of play and fun for youth and allow them to spend time with friends and engage in make-believe situations and experiences that they would otherwise be incapable of enjoying. The violent video games that youth are encouraged to play allow them to take on a different persona in much the same way as dress up games and make-believe with dolls or action figures. In this way, they are encouraged to try something new and to enhance skills in order to achieve an objective, thereby developing abilities that continue to help them outside of the game, such as dedication, follow through and attention to detail. Related articles: Computer Games Have a Negative Effect on Individuals Media Influence Female Perception of the Body Image: Agree or Disagree? Young People Are Predisposed to Negative Influence The World Needs More Funny Cat Videos on Youtube? Sexual Content on TV Has a Negative Impact on Teenagers Video Games Improve Thought Processes Another important aspect of video games that can be beneficial for youth is the ability to improve thinking and thought processes in general. Youth who engage in video games are required to solve complex problems, often under extreme pressure to beat the high scores of their friends or to avoid a negative aspect of the game. Because of this, it enhances the abilities of the youth to think critically and creatively in other aspects of their lives as well, leading to improvement in their cognitive abilities in school and even in the future workforce. Video games are also considered to be a method of reducing stress levels and are used by a number of young people for just this reason. Whereas some adults or youth will engage in reading, listening to music or puzzles as ways to decrease their stress, anxiety or anger levels, other youth engage in video games as a way to calm down and relax. Because video games take them outside of their own world and problems as well as requiring attention and thought rather than simply being mindless entertainment, they allow the youth to overcome the negative thoughts and fears. Video Games Are Helpful for Children with  MS, Autism, Attention Deficit Disorder or Dyslexia Finally, video games have actually been found to improve the symptoms associated with several medical conditions that youth may have such as MS, autism, and even attention deficit disorder or dyslexia. The increased interaction with others that occurs through the video game helps children with social problems as a result of autism to feel more comfortable in these situations. Likewise, video games that require full body movement are more likely to reduce the balance problems that may occur for MS sufferers. The focus required for improved video game play also improves the focus of those suffering from attention deficit disorder and dyslexia, thereby reducing the suffering that occurs. With all of these reasons to play video games and all of these ways in which video games can aid youth throughout their lives, it is unfortunate that youth are stymied on many turns toward these games. Though parents have feared for a long time that violence in video games shows a correlation with violence in children outside of said video games, the research shows not only that this is unfounded, but also that there are a number of reasons to encourage video game play amongst children of all ages.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research Methods - Essay Example Subjects can either be tested once only (independent group design), or more than once or matched (repeated measures design). The advantages of the latter are that fewer participants are needed (as it may be difficult to find morbidly obese individuals), and this method can provide greater statistical power. On the other hand, there could be practice and carryover effects that would need to be minimised. In the alternative of an independent group design, it may be difficult to randomly assign the subjects and there could be large differences between individuals, which would make it difficult to make any meaningful observations. We would however have the advantage of having a control group so as to control some extraneous factors. Experimental Method Used and its Justification A repeated measures design is preferred due to the expected difficulty in obtaining the required subjects i.e. in finding morbidly obese individuals. They also reduce the effect of individual differences (Schinka, 2003:279). The second justification for a repeated measures design is the greater statistical power relative to the sample size (Amy, 1997). However, subjects will be selected at random and counterbalancing will also be used to offset any practice and carryover effects. The validity of the conclusions is threatened by factors that have either not been specified or included in the study and which could theoretically therefore influence the dependent variable.

Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Television - Essay Example Williams looks at television in a broad sense, looking at the social history of television as a technology and the social history of the uses of television technology, as well as looking at cause and effect of technology and society. Spigel looks at television by examining how it affected domestic life in the 1950s, while also reflecting this domestic life. Adorno looked at television by how it affected the psyche and the personality. Williams (3) begins his essay by looking at looking at the general statement that television has altered our world. He argues that technology, in general, has profound social change, and television is a kind of technology that promotes this type of change. The technologies which had come along by Williams’ time, including the steam engine, the car, the atom bomb, and the television, are responsible for making modern man and making television. Or, alternatively, instead of looking at technology as changing and making the modern man, the technology is actually the consequence of a certain societal change. In this case, the new technology is a symptom of social change, not the cause of it. He also states that television, like most technology, sprung up as the result of a specific need that was expressed by society (Williams, 12). That was that technology was necessary because there was a need to spread the word of mouth communication, which is the dominant mode of getting a message out to the masses. There was an extension of the social, economic and political system, and television was a response to the crisis within this system. There came a time where there was a great complex group of technologies which were needed for society, including photography for community, family and personal life; the motion picture for entertainment; and the telephone for business communication (Williams, 12). The television, then, was the result of these needs coalescing, as the television essentially brings all of these technologies together. T herefore, the television, according to Williams (13), is a way for there to be social integration and control. While Williams viewed television in terms of how it was used, and why it was invented, Spigel (337) took a different tact. For her, television was not simply a matter of technology that is responding to different social needs, but television has also played a complex role in the individual households and individual lives that view it. Specifically, television was a representation of the gendered patterns of work and leisure in the average American home (Spigel, 337). Spigel examined advertisements that ran in women’s magazines to determine how television was integrated into the family life, particularly in the life of the woman. These advertisements provided a clue to how television was made sense of by the people and how television related to their lives. For a time, television was a way to restore the faith in the family. During the 1950s, Spigel (340) explains, th ere was much fracture in families, as the war had just ended, which left many broken homes. On television, however, there were portraits of happy and domestic people living lives that were not so fractured, so this was a way of restoring faith in the family. Moreover, women were affirmed through television, as television showed them that they were important. They often felt devalued, because their work was not seen as important in the overall scheme of things, but television helped them see that

Organisations & Behaviour (OB) Assignment Dissertation

Organisations & Behaviour (OB) Assignment - Dissertation Example The human resources form the basic component of each organisation and their behaviour has an impact on their performance as well as the way the organisation operates. From this assertion, this report seeks to evaluate different factors that affect human behaviour through an analysis of two organisations namely Tarmac and Google. The report will focus on organisational structure and culture, approaches to management and leadership, motivational theories as well as teamwork in the chosen organisation. Task 1 Organisational structure and culture 1 a. Difference between organisational structure and culture In order to compare and contrast organisational structure of Tarmac and Google Inc, it is important to define the terms first as a way of gaining a clear understanding. An organisational structure is mainly concerned with the way job tasks are divide among the employees working in the organisation (Robbins, Odendaal & Roodt 2001). Organisational culture on the other hand is defined as values, norms, beliefs as well as attitudes that are shared among the members of the organisation and these also shape their behaviour and the way they interact (Armstrong 1994). Tarmac has an organisational structure that provides clear lines of control, responsibility and communication (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-study--how-roles-functions-contribute-to-organisational-performance--109-355-1.php). Tarmac is a large business hence it is important for the individuals to understand their roles and responsibilities which is a major contributor to the success of the organisation. In its operations, it uses the best practice approach and it is committed to uphold ethical principles as well as responsibility among the members and this helps the members of the organisation to understand their role expectations so that they can pull their efforts towards the attainment of the set organisational goals. One advantage of this structure of Tarmac is that it is adaptive and it emphasises on flexibility to adapt to the changing environment in which the organisation operates. This can positively enhance performance and it can be noted that the success story of the organisation is mainly as a result of the structure of the organisation which is functional in nature and the roles are clearly defined such that every member knows what is expected of him or her. On the other hand, Google Inc has a flat structure whereby every employee has the opportunity to contribute towards the decision making process in the organisation. The organisation also uses the best practice approach to ensure that the employees are satisfied with their work. This approach also emphasizes on motivation of the employees for them to put optimum performance in their operations. One advantage of this structure is that in a decentralized organisation, action can be taken more quickly to solve problems. Many people

Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn Essay Nonconformity might be viewed as rebellion to some, but to others is a sign of independence. In Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, a theme of growing maturity appears. Nonconformity is a trait among others that led to Huckleberry Finn’s evolving maturity. Responsibility along with growing independence led to his coming of age. Although maturity is an important trait and theme shown in the book, there are several factors that contribute and lead to this. Nonconformity emerges as Huckleberry Finn matures. In the beginning of the book he is a follower of Tom Sawyer’s childish ways. Being a member of â€Å"The gang,† and believing bizarre statements displayed his ignorance and immaturity. After Tom convinces the gang to rob and kill a band of Arabs, Huck questions him about the actual presence of the Arabs, stating, â€Å"Why can’t we see them, then? † This is when he comes to the realization that they are simply raiding a school, and that it is just another one of Tom’s lies. This is when Huck begins to distinguish between reality and fantasy. Huck’s relationship with Jim is another example of nonconformity. In the society they live in Huck is low on the social latter, however Jim is even lower because he is a slave. Assisting Jim as a runaway slave is something generally shunned upon by that society however, Huck feels it necessary and morally right; he refuses to conform to societies ideals. At one point Huck is faced with the capture of Jim from some slave traders on the Mississippi river but tells them that Jim has small pox; this turns the traders away and saves Jim. Huck knows it’s against society and religion to free Jim, but his friendship means more to Huck than doing what society has taught him to be â€Å"right†. Jim treated Huck like his own child and Huck knows that if Jim could have anything in the world; it would to be a free man. Huck finally makes his decision and says All right, then, Ill go to hell. This goes against society, but Huck is convinced by his moral conscious to rescue Jim. When Huck rescues Jim he, whether knowingly or not, accepts many responsibilities with the friendship. By lying to save Jim he also puts him in danger. Huck accepts the responsibility of preserving Jim’s life because if Jim is found he will be taken back as a slave and will most likely be  severely beaten or sold to another slave owner. Huck also has a responsibility to preserve his own life, for if Jim is found he is sure to be reprimanded also. It is also important that Huck keep his life safe because not only does he provide Jim with physical protection but also with emotional protection; he provides Jim with a friend and someone to trust. This shows that Huck has not only one responsibility but several; the responsibility for the protection of Jim’s and his own life, and the protection of their friendship, both in a way effecting the other. Independence is not only doing things for yourself but also being able to make decisions on your own. Huck continually shows these attributes throughout the book. It is shown when he first questions Tom about the Arabs, showing his independent thinking. His independence is very evident by his opinions of society. The woods are where Finn displays a heightened sense of independence, because he sees nature as a safe haven away from others, a place where he can vent off the dilemmas in his life, a place where he can be alone. His independence continually grows and is more clearly shown when he decides to help Jim. He is also shown to be very independent throughout the journey; nobody but himself can help Jim because of social difficulties. Huckleberry Finn shows growing maturity in many ways throughout the book. He shows it in his nonconformity, his acceptance of responsibility, and his growing independence. All of these traits lead him to his coming of age. And show the theme of maturity in many ways.

The Real Threat Of Nuclear Smuggling :: essays research papers

The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling This reading was based on the controversy over the threat that nuclear smuggling poses. It begins by going over the view of each side in a brief manner. It states that some analysts dismiss it as a minor nuisance while others find the danger to be very real and probable. This reading stands mainly for the belief that nuclear smuggling is a real danger. The analysts that find this issue to be a problem say that nuclear smuggling presents grave and serious because even though the percent of these type of smuggling is less than that of drugs for example, the law-enforcement type officials are also less experienced at stopping shipments of an item such as uranium than they are in seizing marijuana or hashish. These same analysts have also found that even a small leakage rate of any type of nuclear material can have extremely vast consequences and dangers. They say that although secrecy rules make precise numbers impossible to get, Thomas B. Cochran of the Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington, D.C., estimates that a bomb requires between three and 25 kilograms of enriched uranium or between one and eight kilograms of plutonium. A Kilogram of plutonium occupies about 50.4 cubic centimeters, or one seventh the volume of a standard aluminum soft-drink can. In addition to this, analysts have found that security is much to lax in even the supposedly "most protected locations". For example, the Russian stores in particular suffer from sloppy security, poor inventory management and inadequate measurements. Then there is the virtually nonexistent security at nuclear installations that compounds the problem. The main reason for this lack of security is that pay and conditions have worsened and disaffection has become widespread. So with an alienated workforce suffering from low and often late wages, the incentives for nuclear theft have become far greater at the very time that restrictions and controls have deteriorated. Against this background, it is hardly surprising that the number of nuclear-smuggling incidents-both real and fake-has increased during the few years. German authorities for example, reported 41 in 1991, 158 in 1992,241 in 1993 and 267 in 1994. Although most of these cases did involve material suitable for bombs, as the number of incidents increases so does the likelihood that at least a few will include weapons-grade alloys. In March 1993, according to a report from Istanbul, six kilograms of enriched uranium entered Turkey through the Aralik border gate in Kars Province. Although confirmation of neither the incident nor the degree of the uranium's enrichment was forthcoming, It raised fears that Chechen "Mafia" groups had

Ginger as hair loss treatment Essay

Doctors mostly recommended that Good circulation is the key to healthy hair since ginger for hair loss activates nutrients circulating the body to reach the hair follicles. Twenty years ago people were wrongly being advised to stand on their head so that a topsy-turvy stance would raise the blood flow to the scalp. However, the fact is far from those ‘blurred’ beliefs and if you try it, you will be under a serious headache.However,you should try the natural ginger for hair loss. Recent studies show that almost 94% of the world’s population has no concept on the power of ginger for hair loss but they only have a clue in its use as a spice ingredient. Among these people only a few have a concept that ginger is used for ailment treatment but don’t have a clue on the use of ginger for hair loss treatments. If you are under this category,don’t worry you’ll discover one of the ‘top secrets’ of ginger right now! Ginger is popular in traditional Chinese medicine and in homeopathy and due to its anti-inflammatory and circulatory properties; it alone has a natural stimulating property that makes ginger for hair loss the best solution for hair treatments. From the view of hair growth elements, ginger has natural property which makes the hair grow mainly on its laxative, tonic antiseptic and anti-inflammatory attributes. Even though there are hundreds of Herbal supplements for hair treatments, no herb can effectively treat a head without hair except Ginger. Prior to ginger for hair loss treatment, be aware that using ginger juice on a regularly basis may lighten your hair slightly and tend to darken your hair a bit if you use it with sesame oil. Other than that nothing serious happens. So let’s come to the main point. Ginger improves the rate of Scalp blood circulation. The rise of blood flow to the scalp boosts hair growth rate to the peak point. This is due to the fact that blood actively flows to the scalp and provides nutrients to the hair follicle that is responsible for hair growth and adequate supply of oxygen to the follicles. You can prepare ginger for hair loss treatment by slicing ginger root and add it to brandy. Massage the scalp with the mixture to promote hair growth. You should use this mixture two or three times weekly to see new hair growth within a few weeks’ time. If you don’t see any results, you shouldn’t stop using ginger for hair loss treatment since each case is different for every individual so that you’ll definitely see progressive results ahead. Note that you should refrigerate any leftovers for your next treatment. Due to ginger’s potency loss after few days, always juice and use up what you need. As a reminder, don’t leave the ginger mix for a long period of time. Ginger is also used against hair thinning premature grey hair and Dandruff since ginger root contains essential fatty acids that helps to re-grow your hair to the old times and fights most plaguing scalp disorders facing individuals today. You should note that direct rubbing ginger on your head is not recommended and not applicable since male hair loss is caused by the effects of a chemical by-product produced by your body known as DHT. This DHT rate cannot be minimized by direct dubbing rather it needs a series of steps for the preparation of ginger root. To prepare this ginger for hair loss treatment, start grating a ginger root by evenly mixing it with sesame, olive or jojoba oil. Note that you shouldn’t use directly after you mix but wait for at least 10 minutes. After that, add lemon juice to the mixture and mix it thoroughly. Then rub the mixture on your scalp and smoothly massage in a circular move and leave it on for 30-35 minutes. After half an hour, rinse off using h air soup or shampoo your hair. You can also prepare ginger for hair loss juice by mixing six ounces of ginger root with 1/4 cup of water. After you successfully blend the mix, strain it by squeezing it through the cloth into a bowl. Then separate the pulp from the juice and smoothly massage the ginger juice into your scalp in a circular movement and then pat the pulp atop the treated area. Finally leave it on for 10-15 minutes before washing your head so that you make ginger for hair loss treatment successfully.

Learning Healthcare Organizations Essay

There are two healthcare organizations that I will be discussing that have transformational change to promote/create learning organization. One is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the other one is International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services that focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. CDC collaborates to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability and preparedness for new health treats. Stakeholders at CDC are people invested in the program that are interested in the results of the evaluation, and/or with a stake in what will be done with the results of the evaluation. Representing their needs and interests throughout the process is fundamental to good program evaluation. Those involved in program operations are the management, program staff, partners, funding agencies and coalition members. Those served or affected by the program are patients or clients, advocacy group, community members, and elected official. And lastly, those who are intended users of the evaluation findings are persons in a position to make decisions about the program, such as partners, funding agencies, coalition members, and the general public or taxpayers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues its long standing dedication to improving the health and wellness of all Americans with the Community Transformation Grant (CTG) program. The CTG program is funded by the Affordable Care Act’s Prevention and Public Health Fund and  awarded $103 million to 61 states and local government agencies, tribes, and territories, and nonprofit organizations in 36 states, along with nearly $4 million to 6 national networks of community-based organizations. Focusing on priorities for change for healthier living is improving health and wellness on tobacco-free living, active living and healthy eating, and high impact quality clinical and other preventive services to prevent and control high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Also, focusing on disease prevention and health promotion that includes social and emotional wellness and healthy and safe physical environments, which facilitate the early identification of mental health needs and access to quality services. Specific community interventions includes; promotes healthy eating by supporting local farmers and developing small grocery stores where people live, protecting people from secondhand smoke exposure, improving community environments to make it safe and easy for people to walk and ride bikes. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization. It coordinates and conducts both epidemiological and laboratory research into the causes of human cancer. IARC main objectives are; to monitor global cancer occurrence, identify the causes of cancer, elucidate the mechanism of carcinogenesis, and develop scientific strategies for cancer control. On February 3, 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released World Cancer Report 2014, a collaboration of over 250 leading scientist from more than 40 countries, describing multiple aspects of cancer research and control. The report says about half of all cancers could be avoided if current knowledge was adequately implemented. The stakeholders are the scientist’s that has been researching for the cure of different types of cancer; patient’s that are suffering and waiting for the cure, and the leadership of the World Health organization that implements the research. The IARC activities are mainly funded by the regular budget contributions paid by its participating states. The regular budget for the 2014-2015 biennium was approved in May 2013 at a level of 40 424 491 EUR. Recent changes in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer has new findings.  Overall, the incidence of head and neck cancer is increasing in women, whereas it is decreasing in men. Chewing tobacco is a newly recognized risk factor of great public health concern. The role of tobacco smoking and alcohol as the source of cancer has been reinforced. Head and neck cancer among women in developing countries should deserve more attention, as the mortality rates appears to be higher than those of women in developed countries. For never smokers and never drinkers, more research needs to be done to identify their risk factor patterns. While it is true that advances is medical science have led to continued improvements in medical care and health outcomes, the effectiveness of management options remains inadequate for informed medical care and health policy decision making. Frequently, the result is below an optimal level or standard and inefficient care as well as unsustainable cost. In order to maintain quality of care and cost containment, evidence of comparative clinical and cost effectiveness is necessary for healthcare organization. Examples of healthcare organization that I previously discussed have the institutional lessons learned from the process that is learn along the way. As Feinstein said â€Å"a strategic plan is not worth the paper it is printed on unless its underlying vision is embedded in the organization’s culture, (Feinstein W.L. The Institutional Change Process). The most essential element of organizational change is the alignment of all relevant stakeholders to the new directions. The following are critical to achieving momentum and the successful implementation of a vision for change such as: updating the executive’s leadership style, increasing staff involvement in achieving organizational plans, helping the board understand the scope of the change, and strengthening the agency-federation relationship. Enthusiasm, persistenc e, and commitment for change by the leadership are key. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Early release, 58(Early release), 1-54. Chang, S., & Collie, C. L. (2009). The future of cancer prevention: will our workforce be ready? Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(9), 2348-2351. Feinstein, W. L. The Institutional Change Process: Lessons Learned Along the Way. Journal of Jewish Communal Service. Jewish Communal Service Association of North America (JCSA), 1999. James, J. (2009). Health Organizations Theory, Behavior, and Development: 273 Saudbery Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Oreg, Shaul; Berson, Yair. Personnel Psychology. Autumn2011, Vol. 64 Issue 3, p627-659. 33p. 1 Diagram, 2 Charts, 1 Graph. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01221.x. , Database: Business Source Elite Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implement Sci, 4(1), 67.

Learn About Scarab Beetles of the Family Scarabaeidae

Learn About Scarab Beetles of the Family Scarabaeidae Scarab beetles include the biggest insects in the world, in terms of sheer mass. Scarabs were revered in ancient Egypt as symbols of resurrection. More than just powerhouses, scarab beetles serve important roles in the habitats where they live. The family Scarabaeidae includes dung beetles, June beetles, rhinoceros beetles, chafers, and flower scarabs. What Are Scarab Beetles? Most scarab beetles are robust, convex insects with brown or black coloring. Whatever the coloration, size, or shape, scarabs share a key common feature: lamellate antennae that can be closed tightly. The last 3 to 7 segments of each antenna form plates that can be expanded like a fan or folded together into a club. Scarab beetle larvae, called grubs, are c-shaped and usually live in the ground, feeding on roots. The grubs have a distinctive head capsule, and easy to identify legs on the thorax. The family of scarab beetles falls into the following classifications: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - ColeopteraFamily - Scarabaeidae What Do Scarab Beetles Eat? Most scarab beetles feed on a  decomposing matter such as dung, fungi, or carrion. This makes them valuable in their environments as they are a bit like the cleanup crew or garbage haulers of the animal kingdom. Other scarab beetles visit plants, feeding on pollen or sap. Flower scarabs are important pollinators, for example. Larvae feed on plant roots, carrion, or dung, depending on the type of scarab. The Life Cycle of Scarabs Like all beetles, scarabs undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Scarab beetles generally lay their eggs in the ground, in dung, or in other decomposing materials including carrion. In many species, the larvae feed on plant roots, though some feed directly on dung or carrion. In areas with cold winter climates, grubs typically move deeper into the soil to survive freezing temperatures. They then emerge as adults in early summer. Special Adaptations and Defenses Some male scarabs, such as rhinoceros or Hercules beetles, bear horns on their head or pronotum (the hard dorsal plate covering the head-body junction). The horns are used to spar with other males over food or females. Dung beetles excavate burrows below manure piles, then mold the dung into capsules in which they lay their eggs. The mother cares for her developing young by keeping the dung ball free of mold or fungi. The June beetle (or June bug) feeds at night and is attracted to light, which is why theyre often seen on warm evenings in early summer. The female can lay up to 200 small pearl-like eggs and the larvae feed on plant roots for three years before emerging as adults. Some plant-eating scarabs such as the rose chafer are poisonous to chickens and other poultry who eat them. Range and Distribution Some 20,000 species of scarab beetles inhabit terrestrial habitats around the world. Well over 1,500 species of Scarabaeidae live in North America.

Martha Ballard essays

Martha Ballard essays Life in todays world, the 21st century, has become a fantasy in which people in the past centuries could have never imagined. We are introduced to mans new technology inventions, which make our lives extra comforting, everyday. Yet, its amazing how we grant every little moment. However, life has not always been this effortless. In the story of A Midwifes Tale, we are presented to the living conditions of Martha Ballard, whom is a midwife living in the 18th century, through her dairies. The dairies reflect the suffering and tribulations she went through, while working. At the same time, teach us lessons about her heroic character, her undying devotion for her job, ways of living and lastly her religious beliefs. Martha was no ordinary midwife she preformed 816 deliveries between 1785 and 1812. Shes on call 24 seven and commits all her strength to her job. Since transportation was very limited, getting around from place to place was extremely difficult, especially during wintertime. Though the snow and rain couldnt stop Martha from her what she loved. Her devoted passion for her career can be described in these quotes; Pushing through ice in several places...she walked across, almost reaching shore before breaking through to her waist...dragged herself out, and rode dripping to the delivery. Religion played an essential part in Marthas life. Her fate in god was the only element that she knew was going to save her through the hardship of the usual daily events. In addition, she was even more grateful, here in her eateries of April 24, 1789, after crossing the stream on the way on fleeting Loggs safely she notes, Wonder Full is the Goodness of providence. ...

The 15 Best Books on Writing A Reading List for Novelists

The 15 Best Books on Writing A Reading List for Novelists The 15 Best Books on Writing: A Reading List for Novelists Okay, we know what you’re thinking: why compile a list of the best craft-based  books when most people these days learn exclusively from blogs, podcasts, and YouTube videos? Well, because we still think there’s something to be said for the long-form enjoyment and value of picking up a book and learning directly from an author - especially if you’re angling to become an author yourself. Indeed, both the technical wisdom and biographical experiences  of these writers can be hugely beneficial as you develop your own process.For this post, we asked an online community of writers to suggest some indispensable books about writing. With their answers in mind, here are 15 of the very best books on writing to help you hone your craft to perfection! 15 incredible books on writing to help you write YOUR dream book 📘🠏† 1. On Writing by Stephen KingPerhaps the most-cited book on this list, On Writing is part-memoir, part-masterclass from one of America’s leading authors. Come for the vivid accounts of his childhood - and his extended "lost weekend" of drinking and drugs in the 1980s. Stay for the specific, actionable advice on what it takes to become an author. Among the many craft-based tips are King’s expert takes on plot, story, character, and more, which he's used to pen countless novels and short stories.From the book: â€Å"Amateurs sit and wait for inspiration, the rest of us just get up and go to work.† Two Types of Writers: Plotters and Pantsers Read post 5. Take Off Your Pants by Libbie HawkerOf all the titles on this list, Take Off Your Pants has to be the most eye-catching. But rather than remarking on the joys of working from home, this title actually alludes to being a pantser: a writer who dives straight into their draft with little more than an idea. Hawker doesn’t dissuade writers from â€Å"pantsing,† but does note that structure tends to help, at least in her experience. This book details her process for planning a story, offering various tools and techniques for nailing your book before you start typing â€Å"once upon a time.†From the book: â€Å"When it comes to the eternal quandary of pantsing or plotting, you can keep a foot in each camp. But if your goals will require you to write with speed and confidence, an effective outline will be your best friend.† "Take Off Your Pants" by Libbie Hawker + 14 other essential books on writingðŸ‘â€" 6. Writing into the Dark by Dean Wesley SmithAnd for those who eschew structure altogether, we’ll refer you to this title from prolific science fiction author Dean Wesley Smith. Having authored a number of official Star Trek novels, he encourages writers to go boldly into the unknown, with an approach to writing books that doesn’t necessarily involve an elaborate plan.From the book: â€Å"Imagine if every novel you picked up had a detailed outline of the entire plot†¦ Would you read the novel after reading the outline? Chances are, no. What would be the point? You already know the journey the writer is going to take you on. So, as a writer, why do an outline and then have to spend all that time creating a book you already know?†7. Everybody Writes by Ann HandleyThe full title of this all-inclusive book on writing is actually Everybody Writes: Your Go-To Guide to Creating Ridiculously Good Content - which should tell you something about its universally encou raging nature. Not only does Handley have some great ideas on how to plan and produce a great story, she also provides tips on general content writing, which comes in handy when it’s time to market your book. And while the central message of Everybody Writes may be right there in the title, we can attest that its material will make you see writing in a whole new light.From the book: â€Å"In our world, many hold a notion that the ability to write, or write well, is a gift bestowed on a chosen few. That leaves us thinking there are two kinds of people: the writing haves - and the hapless, for whom writing well is a hopeless struggle, like trying to carve marble with a butter knife. But I don’t believe that, and neither should you.†8. How to Become a Successful Indie Author by Craig Martelle Be the architect of your story. (Image: Khara Woods on Unsplash)15. The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers by Christopher VoglerAnd finally we arrive not merely at prolific structure, but at mythic structure. Vogler’s book, originally published in 1992, is now a modern classic of writing advice; though intended as a screenwriting textbook, its contents apply to any story of mythic proportions. In The Writer’s Journey, Vogler takes a page (literally) from Joseph Campbell’s Hero of a Thousand Faces to ruminate upon the most essential narrative structures and character archetypes of the writing craft. So if you’re thinking of drawing up an epic fantasy series full of those tropes we all know and love, this guide should be right up your alley.From the book: â€Å"The Hero’s Journey is not an invention, but an observation. It is a recognition of a beautiful design†¦ It’s difficult to avoid the sensation that the Hero’s Jou rney exists somewhere, somehow, as an external reality, a Platonic ideal form, a divine model. From this model, infinite and highly varied copies can be produced, each resonating with the essential spirit of the form.†That’s all the recommendations we have for now - but we’re always looking for more! Tell us in the comments: what are your favorite books on writing, and why?